When To Use Accents and Diacritical Marks in Spanish

When To Use Accents and Diacritical Marks in Spanish The most immediately obvious difference between written Spanish and written English is Spanishs use of written accents, and occasionally of diereses (also known as umlauts). Both of these features are known as diacritical marks. Beginning Spanish students usually learn right away that the main use of the accent is to help with pronunciation, and specifically in telling the speaker which syllable of a word should be stressed. However, accents also have other uses, such as distinguishing between certain homonyms, parts of speech, and indicating a question. The only use of the dieresis is to assist in pronunciation. Here are the basic rules for using the written accent and the dieresis: Stress The rules for determining which syllable should be stressed are quite simple in Spanish. Accents are used to indicate exceptions to the rules. Here are the basic rules: If a word ends in a vowel, the letter s, or the letter n, the stress is on the next to last syllable.In other words without an accent, the stress is on the last syllable. Simply put, if the stress is on a syllable other than that indicated above, an accent is used to indicate where the stress is placed. Following are a few examples, with the approximate pronunciation in phonetic English. Note that a vowel may either gain or lose an accent when a word is put into plural or singular form. See the rules on pluralization for other examples. examen (egg-SAH-men)exmenes (eggs-SAH-men-ess)muà ±Ãƒ ³n (moon-YOHN)muà ±ones (moon-YOHN-ness)cancià ³n (kahn-SEEOHN)canciones (kahn-SEEOHN-ess) Distinguishing Homonyms Homonym pairs are separate words that have different meanings even though they sound alike. Here are some of the most common ones: de, of, from; dà © first- and third-person singular subjunctive form of dar, to give)el, the; à ©l, hemas, but; ms, moremi, my; mà ­, me;se, a reflexive and indirect object pronoun used in various ways; sà ©, I knowsi, if; sà ­, yessolo, only (adjective), single, alone; sà ³lo, only (adverb), solelyte, you (as an object); tà ©, teatu, your; tà º, you Demonstrative Pronouns Although the spelling reform of 2010 means they arent strictly necessary except to avoid confusion, accents also are traditionally used in Spanish on demonstrative pronouns to distinguish them from demonstrative adjectives. Talk about demonstrative parts of speech might sound like a mouthful, so its probably best to remember that in English were simply talking about the words this, that, these and those. In English, those words can be either adjectives or pronouns. In I like this book, this is an adjective; in I like this, this is a pronoun, since it stands for a noun. Here are the same sentences in Spanish: Me gusta este libro, I like this book. Me gusta à ©ste, translated as either I like this or I like this one. Note that when used as a pronoun, à ©ste traditionally has a written accent. In Spanish the demonstrative pronouns in the singular masculine form are à ©ste, à ©se, and aquà ©l, and the corresponding adjectives are este, ese, and aquel. Although distinguishing the meanings of these pronouns goes beyond the scope of this lesson, suffice it to say here that este/à ©ste corresponds roughly to this, while both ese/à ©se and aquel/aquà ©l can be translated as that. Items with which aquel/aquà ©l are used are farther from the speaker. Quiero aquel libro could be translated as I want the book thats over there. The following chart shows the various forms of the demonstrative pronouns (with the traditional accents) and adjectives, including the feminine and plural forms: Quiero este libro, I want this book. Quiero à ©ste, I want this one. Quiero estos libros, I want these books. Quiero à ©stos, I want these ones. Quiero esta camisa, I want this shirt. Quiero à ©sta, I want this one. Quiero estas camisas, I want these shirts. Quiero à ©stas, I want these ones.Quiero ese libro, I want that book. Quiero à ©se, I want that one. Quiero esos libros, I want those books. Quiero à ©sos, I want those ones. Quiero esa camisa, I want that shirt. Quiero à ©sa, I want that one. Quiero esas camisas, I want those shirts. Quiero à ©sas, I want those ones.Quiero aquel libro, I want that book over there. Quiero aquà ©l, I want that one over there. Quiero aquellos libros, I want those books over there. Quiero aquà ©llos, I want those ones over there. Quiero aquellas camisas, I want those shirts over there. Quiero aquà ©llas, I want those ones over there. There are also neuter variations of these pronouns (eso, esto, and aquello), and they are not accented because there are no corresponding neuter adjective forms. Interrogatives: A number of words are accented when they are used in a question (including an indirect question) or exclamation, but they arent otherwise accented. Such words are listed below:  ¿Adà ³nde? Where (to)? ¿Adà ³nde vas? Where are you going? ¿Cà ³mo? How? ¿Cà ³mo ests? How are you? ¿Cul?  ¿Cules? Which one? Which ones? ¿Cul es ms caro? Which one is more expensive? ¿Cundo? When?  ¿Cundo sales? When are you leaving? ¿Cunto?  ¿Cunta?  ¿Cuntos?  ¿Cuntas? How much? How many?  ¿Cuntos pesos cuesta el libro? How many pesos does the book cost? ¿Dà ³nde? Where?  ¿De dà ³nde es usted? Where are you from? ¿Por quà ©? Why?  ¿Por quà © vas? Why are you going? ¿Quà ©? What? Which?  ¿Quà © libro prefieres? What book do you prefer? ¿Quià ©n?  ¿Quienes? Who? Whom?  ¿Quià ©nes quieren mi libro? Who wants my book? Diereses: The dieresis (or umlaut) is used above the u when the u is sounded in the combinations of gà ¼i or gà ¼e. Without the umlaut, known as la dià ©resis or la crema in Spanish, the u would be silent, serving only to indicate that the g is pronounced as a hard g rather than similar to the j. (For example, guey with no umlaut would sound something like gay.) Among the words with umlauts are vergà ¼enza, shame; cigà ¼eà ±a, stork or crank; pingà ¼ino, penguin; and agà ¼ero, prediction.

French Phrases Related to Mardi Gras

French Phrases Related to Mardi Gras Mardi Gras is an annual celebration called le mardi gras (literally, Fat Tuesday) or le carnaval in French. It is celebrated all around the world. Les Dates de Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Dates) Mardi Gras takes place 46 days before Easter (le Pà ¢ques) - that is, sometime between February 3 and March 9. Mardi Gras is the day before Lent (le carà ªme), which begins on Ash Wednesday (le mercredi des Cendres). The most famous Mardi Gras celebration is held in New Orleans (la Nouvelle-Orlà ©ans), but many cities in Europe and the Americas also put on spectacular events. Les Couleurs de Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Colors) Mardi Gras has three official colors:le violet  Ã‚  Ã‚  purple (justice)lor  Ã‚  Ã‚  gold (power)le vert  Ã‚  Ã‚  green (faith) Les Traditions de Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Traditions) Mardi Gras is traditionally celebrated with a parade led by a captain, during which trinkets, or throws, are tossed to the crowd. The parade is followed by a costume ball presided over by a king and queen. Le Vocabulaire de Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Vocabulary) une babiole  Ã‚  Ã‚  trinketun bal masquà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  costume ballun bijou  Ã‚  Ã‚  jewelle capitaine  Ã‚  Ã‚  captainun char  Ã‚  Ã‚  floatun collier  Ã‚  Ã‚  necklaceun costume  Ã‚  Ã‚  costumele courir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mardi gras runune couronne  Ã‚  Ã‚  crownun dà ©filà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  paradeun dà ©guisement  Ã‚  Ã‚  disguiseun doublon  Ã‚  Ã‚  doubloonune effigie  Ã‚  Ã‚  effigyun feu de joie  Ã‚  Ã‚  bonfireun flambeau  Ã‚  Ã‚  torchla foule  Ã‚  Ã‚  crowdun krewe  Ã‚  Ã‚  krewe (Mardi gras organizer)un mardi gras  Ã‚  Ã‚  a person who really gets into celebrating Mardi grasle masque  Ã‚  mask (make a Mardi gras mask)une paillette  Ã‚  Ã‚  sequinune perle  Ã‚  Ã‚  beadla plume  Ã‚  Ã‚  featherla reine  Ã‚  Ã‚  queenle roi  Ã‚  Ã‚  kingFrench expressions with mardi gras Le Slogan de Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Slogan) Mardi Gras slogan is Let the good times roll, which is translated literally into French as Laissez les bons temps rouler.