Charpy Impact Test Of Polypropylene At Various Temperatures

Charpy Impact Test Of Polypropylene At Various Temperatures This experiment examined the impact of polypropylene at various temperatures through the Charpy test. Three different forms of specimens including unnotched ones, blunt-notched and sharp-notched were tested to measure the impact energy. Results showed that low temperature resulted in the decrease of impact energy. These results have important implications for human designed applications concerning the toughness of polymers at different temperatures. The study of impact test has become an important aspect of toughness. Some progress has been made to understanding the mechanical characteristics of various polymers, especially toughness. Toughness, ability of a material to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing [1], is a concept most people have been accepted. It can be calculated by the areas under a stress-strain curve. Impact test, which describes the response of materials to a sudden high-speed force, can be divided into two different methods. One test method uses an instrument where a pendulum of known energy strikes a sample of defined size and shape. The other one test way uses an instrument where weights or others are allowed to fall freely through known heights on to specimens. [2] The first method mentioned above can be also separated from two kinds, which involve in cantilever (Izod) test and supported beam (Charpy) test. The illustrations of two tests are shown in Fig. 1.The distinct difference between the two methods is the fact that a specimen tested in the Izod is fixed in the horizontal direction instead of vertical direction tested in the Charpy. Fig.1 Izod and Charpy Impact Test (b) Charpy (a) Izod Temperature has an obvious influence in the behavior of polymers, such as tensile strength, shear stress, toughness, etc, because temperature affects the micro-structure of polymers. Among the changes, the inherent toughness is definitely dependent on temperature, structural orientation, stress concentration effects and rate of loading [3]. However, there have been few published reports directly addressing the problem of the effect on polypropylene at various temperatures. This experiment was to make clear of the relationship between the impact strength of polypropylene and temperature referenced in Charpy test. Experimental Equipment The equipment photograph is shown in Fig. 2 and the parameters of it are figured out in Table 1. Fig.2 Charpy impact test system Location: S.2.10 Table 1. Parametres of Charpy Impact Test Equipment Hammer Velocity Hammer Weight Hammer standard 2.9m/s 1.189kg ISO 2. Specimens A number of different rectangular-section standard polypropylene (PP) Charpy test samples including sharp notched, blunt notched and unnotched ones were tested at different temperature conditions. The different specimens are shown in Table 2. which also involves in the sizes (width and thickness) of the testing specimens. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  ,à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡,and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢ in Table 2 are the four different dimensions separately. Table 2 Parameters of the specimens Room temperature Experimental Procedures: The specimens are divided into two parts, and one of the parts was put into the freezer before being tested. All of the data of an unnotched specimen at room temperature were input into the via keypad, and the sample was held onto the proper position of the equipment. A pendulum was raised to a specified height and then released when the equipment was started. Then the specimen was separated by the high-velocity pendulum. The impact energy was recorded in the Charpy impact test equipment. Steps 2 to 4 were repeated for each of the unnotched specimens to achieve a series of data. Steps 2 to 5 were repeated for all of the blunt-notched samples and then the sharp-notched samples. Steps 2 to 6 were repeated for the unnotched, the blunt-notched and the sharp-notched at -20à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. Results and Discussion 1. Tabulate the individual values and average value of impact energy absorbed by the specimens for each test temperature. The individual data and average values of impact energy absorbed by the specimens for both two temperatures are listed in the two tables below. Table 3 illustrates the data at room temperature, and Table 4 exhibits the data at -20à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. 2. Discuss the effect of temperature on impact energy for sharp notched, blunt notched and unnotched samples. Since the impact strength is dependent on the energy absorbed, a structure that is much easier to move will respond better to the impact [4].Therefore, the impact strength will increase with the increase of temperature and rubbery state has higher impact strength than glassy state. The higher the temperature is, the more severely the molecular chains will move. As a result, the impact energy is significantly lower at -20à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ than that at room temperature. It can also be found in Table 4. 3. Analyze experimental error (a) When the parameters of specimens were measured, the apparatus error of vernier calipers could not be avoided. At the same time, the location of specimens was changeable, which was an operation error existed. (b) The sharp-notched samples were cut artificially, thus the factitious errors could not be ignored. (c) For the low temperature test, the frozen specimens were moved from a freezer to atmosphere, which might lead to the rising of temperature. As a result, the impact energy got a slight increase. (d) The errors of Charpy impact test equipment could not be ignored. Movement in the clamp and energy imparted to broken fragments might be the factors of the remaining energy of the pendulum and therefore the impact energy increased. [5] 4. Explain the cause of the whitening observed in some of the fractured samples. All kinds of the samples are listed in the Fig.3. Fig.3 The tested samples Through the observing of all different kinds of specimens, whitening is the most obvious in the unnotched samples. Many reasons listed lead to this phenomenon. Stress-whitening crazing usually can be observed for thermoplastics at levels of stress that below those required for large scale yielding. [6]When there is a sudden load to the sample, fracture crazes will be developed. Most of the time, it occurs in amorphous, brittle polymers and generally consist of an open network of polymer fibrils between 10 and 40nm in diameter, interspersed by void of about 10-20nm. [6] Conclusions After the experiment completed, many benefits of toughness and impact test have been listed below. There is a large variety of methods to measure impact energy of polymers and the most common used test is the Charpy test. With the decrease of temperature, the impact energy of same shaped specimens has a significant decline. The whitening of polymers is easier to be observed in the unnotched samples than that in sharp-notched and blunt-notched.

How Four Rookie Ceos Handled the Great Recession?

How Four Rookie CEOs Handled the Great Recession? 1. Use the chapter material to decide what different kinds of management challenges these four CEOs faced as they took control of managing their different companies. One of the challenges that they faced was the recession. The CEOs had to demonstrate their best conceptual skills because starting during a recession means they had to make drastic changes before the company went under. The new CEOs had to restructure the company to lower operating cost. Another challenge was managing a diverse workforce.How do you train a workforce that spoke different languages and have different work practices and worked overseas? 2. In what kinds of ways did these managers respond to these challenges- for example, in their approaches to planning, leading, organizing and controlling? Donahoe had a strategy to change the customer’s website and introducing BillMeLater. He led the employees and investors to this vision which paid off. The stocks be gan to rise again. Mr. Kenney of T Rowe Price made a plan to reduce costs.He took charge and cut back on hiring, advertising and IT. Diane took the recession by the hand and used it to her advantage. Her company had an edge over the leading competitors which at the time would struggle. She revamped the company website and pushed the products overseas. 3. Search the web. How are these managers and their companies currently performing? EBay’s John Donahoe was interviewed by James Stewart of NY Times saying â€Å"Our multiyear effort is paying off,† he said. Profit more than doubled and revenue jumped 23 percent. EBay is revitalized. We believe the best is yet to come. † In a stock market struggling with recession fears and the European debt crisis, eBay stock this week hit a six-year high. † He says that the introduction of the EBay mobile app and the purchase of PayPal has been a great innovation. T. Rowe Price’s James Kennedy said in his recent inter view for the Baltimore Business Journal, that T. Rowe’s earnings were up in the second quarter. â€Å"Investors are concerned about the Greece crisis because it will affect the rest of Europe.Here in the U. S. , he said investors are being rattled by a number of factors — unemployment, a sluggish housing market and uncertainty over whether the Affordable Care Act will drive health care costs higher, and by how much. † Diane Irvine of Blue Nile has resigned. Blue Nile didn’t give a reason why. Peter Swinburn of Molson Brewing Co. , recently made a $3. 54 billion dollar deal for the Eastern European beer brewer Starbev. The deal is expected to add to its earnings quickly, starting in the first full year of joint operations.Molson is banking on that growth, with the company paying for the transaction almost entirely through debt. Under the terms of the acquisition, Molson will pay $3 billion in cash and debt and an additional $667 million in convertible debt that will be paid to CVC. References De La Merced , M. (2012, April 03). In starbev deal, molson bets big on growth . The New York Times. Retrieved from http://dealbook. nytimes. com/2012/04/03/in-starbev-deal-molson-bets-big-on-growth/ Haber, G. (2012). T. owe price ceo on the global economy, baltimore grand prix . Retrieved from http://www. bizjournals. com/baltimore/news/2012/07/25/t-rowe-price-ceo-on-the-global. html? page=all Martinez, A. (2012, NOV 08). Blue nile ceo resigns abruptly; 3q profit falls . . Retrieved from http://seattletimes. com/html/businesstechnology/2016718784_bluenile 09. html Stewart, J. (2012, July 27). Nytimes. com. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2012/07/28/business/ebays-turnaround-defies-convention-for-internet-companies. html? pagewanted=all

The Effect Of Child Abuse On The Emotional Development Of...

The Effect Of Child Abuse On The Emotional Development Of The Infant To Five Years Old Child In The United States. Child abuse is one of the most serious issues in the United States today. Child abuse is generally the maltreatment of a minor, and includes a physical, emotional or psychological harm to a child. Neglecting a minor is another type of abuse such as malnutrition, abandonment, and inadequate care of a child’s safety. Additionally, any neglectful act can lead to physical or emotional harm and in some cases the death of a child. Unfortunately, young children are the most vulnerable population to child abuse. The beginning of childhood is the process of growth in a child’s life, where a dependent infant grow into a independent little person who can take control of their own body and relate successfully with others. The early years of a child’s life are significant for cognitive, social and emotional developments. For that reason, it is important that caregivers or guardians take every step needed to make sure that children develop in a place where their social, emot ional and educational needs are met In addition, most people tend to believe that home is the securest place to be; a place where one can run away from violence, discrimination, hate and all the injustices of the world nowadays, as well to protect children from such mistreatments but unfortunately, for many innocent children their home is sometimes a place of horror, fear, guilt, hurt and neglect.Show MoreRelatedThe Effect of Child Abuse on The Emotional Development of the Infant1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Child Abuse on the Emotional Development of the Infant to Five Years Old in the United States A Review of the Literature Child abuse is one of the most serious issues in the United States today. Child abuse is the physical, emotional/ psychological or sexual maltreatment of a minor. 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The Effect of Child Abuse on the Emotional Development of the Infant to Five Years Old in the United States A Review of the Literature Child abuse is one of the most serious issues in the United States today. Child abuse is the physical, emotional/ psychological or sexual maltreatment of a minor. Neglecting a child is another type of abuse, and includes malnutrition, abandonment, and/or inadequate care of a child’s safety. Additionally, any neglectful act can lead to physical or emotional harm and in some cases death of a child. Unfortunately, young children are the most vulnerable population to child abuse. Statistics indicate that victims in their first year of life had the highest rate of victimization at 21.9 per 1,000 children of†¦show more content†¦Furtheremore, rejecting a child is a failure respond to a child’s needs. Isolating a child is also another type of emotional abuse where the caregiver constantly stops the child from having regular social interactions with the outside world. Emotional abuses happen in many types of families, regardless of their culture or ethnicity. Many care givers want the best for their children. However, some caretakers may emotionally and psychologically hurt their children because of the environment, pressure, anxiety, and/or social loneliness. Moreover, caregivers may emotionally abuse their children because they experienced emotional abuse themselves as children. Play behavior in children starts at early age and is essential to their development. Through play, children develop social skills, fine and gross motor skills; they also build their own personality and help them figure out the world around them. 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Practice Assignment 1.1 Us History Apex Essay - 694 Words

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I think the UNIA would benefit me because If I were to live in an all-black community I would feel safer and would not need to be on the lookout for white people attacking. b. In your opinion, which organization has the greatest potential for bringing about positive change? Why? I belive that the NAACP has the greastest potential for bringing positive change because they were more civil and less violent and were actively fighting for change in the government and were in courts. They also fought for equality for all races, black and white. c. Which organizations views on American society most closely match your own? Why? The NAACP closley matchs my views on American society because I believe in equality no matter what race, religion, color, etc. 4. Now, you are ready to write. Imagine that you are a young African American living in a northern city in the 1920s. Which organization would you join — the NAACP or the UNIA — and why? Write a diary paragraph explaining your decision. 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